Research controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil Paper

Controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil junctions against gangs - Research Paper Example Law enforcement department simply requires to present concrete and enough evidence associating the person to the named gang. The law enforcement agency should provide the identity of people they hang out with, the color of clothes they wear and the tattoos on their body. Due to this, gang injunctions in the US have elicited a heated debate and controversy. Civil rights lobbyists argue that the strategy and the system is not effective and that it violates human rights. They assert that it is unconstitutionally wrong to allow gangs to operate legally. This according to the civil rights movement motivates racial profiling and suppressive policing. Further, they assert that it criminalizes young individuals who may never have done or committed some crimes (O'Deane 48). Wearing wrong colors or a minor mistake or being spotted conversing with a known gang member can be sufficient to get you listed as a gang member. Once an individual is on the list, it is difficult to get a job and difficu lt to escape the area that funnels you into a gang. Law enforcement agents have used injunctions for a long time in fighting gang violence in California. It was first used in Los Angeles in the 1980s; the strategy has proved ineffective in fighting gang violence. ... Supporters of gang injunctions have asserted that the various limitations and threat of penalties act as a deterrent to criminal activities. Nevertheless, in case the reason injunctions are successful has nothing to do with the penalties and limitations that draw the attention of civil rights lawyers. The answer centers on what happens to the gang members when police officers give them evidence they possess of their criminal activities. Traditionally, police officers conceal the information before letting the case to proceed to trial. The law enforcers assume that informing the criminals or gang members about the evidence they have collected against them only assists them defend themselves during trial. However, the success of the gang injunctions is psychological in that by informing the criminals know that they are being monitored, they eventually change and modify their actions and behaviors (Grogger 77). Civil gang injunctions emerged out of extreme anxiety. In the early 190s, th e Los Angeles law enforcers were finding it to control and manage the gangs and these gangs were almost taking control of the city. Assault, homicide, and robbery rates were increasing rapidly. The drug business seemed to be increasing. The gang fights and shooting happened in daylight in public areas. Due to these heinous and criminal activities, gang injunctions were introduced as a strategy for the law enforcement agencies to control the gang activities in the city. Police officers and other law enforcers got a civil court injunction forbidding gang activity in some cities such as Pomona, West Covina, and Santa Ana in Los Angeles. The civil injunctions saw police officers address gang members as a group

Law of Trusts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law of Trusts - Coursework Example In this case the testator in transferring property to his wife expressed a wish that she did was as right for their children with regards to disposing of the property.4 The only difference between Adam’s transfer and the transfer of property in Re Adams is that Adam’s words were more specific and contains more certainty relative to his intentions to create a trust. However, since, Alfred’s request came after he had already transferred the property to Barbara, Alfred did not create a trust as a declaration of trust can only occur upon or prior to the transfer of the property in question. In any event, a request is insufficient to constitute certainty of intention.5 Once Alfred transferred the property to Barbara he no longer had any authority over the property.6 As for Barbara, it is entirely doubtful that she intended to create a trust as she merely agreed with Alfred and can therefore be said to be acting on a moral obligation which is not sufficient enough to e stablish intention to create a trust.7 Certainty of objects refers to the certainty with which the beneficiary of a trust can be identified.8 At the end of the day, it must be possible to state with some degree of certainty that a particular beneficiary is the intended object of the trust.9 In a fixed trust such as the one contemplated by Alfred, the identity of the beneficiary is expressed so that the trustee does not have a discretion to determine who is and should be included in the category of entitled beneficiaries. The important thing in both discretionary and fixed trusts is that there is someone that can be identified with a degree of reasonable certainty that is entitled to the benefits of the trusts.10 There is no question that certainty of object is established in this particular case as it is clear that Chloe is the intended beneficiary. With respect to certainty of subject, the trust property must be identifiable. At the end of the day, the trustee must be put in a posi tion to know what property transferred to him by the donor is applicable to the trust.11 There must be certainty as to what portion of the property must be shared or distributed among the identifiable beneficiaries.12 There is no uncertainty with respect to the division of the property in question. The intended disposition is for Chloe to be able to live in the house as long as she needs to. However, there are two main problems with certainty of subject. First, it is not binding on Barbara and therefore not binding on David. The three certainties are fluid and if certainty of intention is not found to exist, certainty of object will therefore be inconsequential. Secondly, the intended trust deals with the disposition of an equitable interest in land and thus there are certain formal requirements that must be observed in order for the trust to be valid and enforceable. Pursuant to Section 53(1)(b) of the Law of Property Act 1925, where a trust is declared in â€Å"land or interest t herein†